■レンタルサーバご利用参考資料
サーバご利用の参考にJF Project によるJF (Japanese FAQ)を掲載しています。
Linux JF(Japanese FAQ)Project.
JF は, Linux に関する解説文書・FAQ などを作成・収集・配布するプロジェクトです.
グリーンネット・トップページへ戻る
一覧に戻る
Remote Bridging with IP Tunnels mini-HOWTO
Alexander Alekseev
alex@zapad.msk.ru
yomoyomo - 日本語訳
ymgrtq@ma.neweb.ne.jp
v1.0, May 12, 2002
Revision History
Revision 1.0 2002-05-12 Revised by: aa
first release
この文書は、2つの独立したイーサネット LAN の間に IP トンネルを張り、そ
れらを結合する方法を解説するものです。
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
Table of Contents
1. どのように動作するか?
1.1. 2つの LAN 間のイーサネットトラフィックを IP でブリッジング
1.2. 他のプロトコルはどうでしょう?
2. Copyright
2.1. GNU Free Documentation License
2.2. PREAMBLE
2.3. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
2.4. VERBATIM COPYING
2.5. COPYING IN QUANTITY
2.6. MODIFICATIONS
2.7. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
2.8. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
2.9. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
2.10. TRANSLATION
2.11. TERMINATION
2.12. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
2.13. How to use this License for your documents
3. 日本語訳について
1. どのように動作するか?
2つのイーサネット LAN がともにインターネットに接続していれば、 LAN 間の
トラフィックを透過的にブリッジしてイーサネット LAN を結合できます。
"本物の"ブリッジングを行えるわけではなく、Linux がルーティングできる第
三層のプロトコルをブリッジすることしかできませんが、これでイーサネット
のトラフィックがブリッジされているように見えます。 2つのイーサネットブ
リッジにより、IP や IPX のトラフィックをブリッジできます。それ以外の第
三層プロトコルに関しては、独立した LAN 間のトラフィックを透過的にブリッ
ジすることはできません。他のプロトコルをブリッジできるかどうか判断する
には、この文書の残りを読んでください。
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
1.1. 2つの LAN 間のイーサネットトラフィックを IP でブリッジング
以下の環境を想定します:
┌──────────────────────────────────┐
│PC1 (192.168.0.1 /24)--| │
│PC3 (192.168.0.3 /24)--| │
│PC5 (192.168.0.5 /24)--|--[ eth0 - bridge_1 - eth1 (195.0.0.1) ] │
│ │
│PC253 (192.168.0.253/24)--| │
│ | (192.168.0.2 /24) PC2 │
│ | (192.168.0.4 /24) PC4 │
│[ (192.0.0.1) eth1 - bridge_2 - eth0 ] --| (192.168.0.6 /24) PC6 │
│ │
│ | (192.168.0.254/24) PC254 │
└──────────────────────────────────┘
bridge_1 と bridge_2 が Linux ブリッジで、それらはインターネットインタ
フェースである eth1 で外部接続しています。よって 195.0.0.1 と 192.0.0.1
は、ISP から与えられた有効なインターネットアドレスなら何でもかまいませ
ん。
では、以下のことを行います:
1. カーネル 2.2 もしくは 2.4 の入った Linux マシンを2台用意してくださ
い。カーネルをコンパイルする際に PPP と Advanced Router を有効にし
ます。また、iproute2 パッケージを適切にインストールする必要もありま
す。iproute2 に関する情報は、カーネルの Configure.help における
Advanced Router の項目のコメントにあります。さらに以下のユーティリ
ティも必要です:
□ pppd (PPP デーモン) - ftp://cs.anu.edu.au/pub/software/ppp/
□ PopTop (PPTP サーバ) - http://poptop.lineo.com
□ PPTP (C.S. Ananian 作の Linux PPTP クライアント) - http://
www.pdos.lcs.mit.edu/~cananian/Projects/PPTP/
□ tarpd (単純なプロクシ ARP デーモン) - htp://www.cs.hut.fi/
~tricky/utils/net/tarpd-1.6.tar.gz
以上のソフトウェアは http://www.freshmeat.net でも見つけられます。
MS Chap と MS Encryption (MPPE) を行いたければ、pppd とカーネルに特
別なパッチが必要であることを憶えておいてください。パッチの入手とイ
ンストール方法についての解説は、 PoPTop のマニュアルを参照ください
。
2. ルータをインターネットに接続するか、さもなくば IP 以外のプロトコル
でなければどんなプロトコルでもいいですから、二点間の通信を確立して
ください。
3. 二点間に PPTP トンネルを張ってください。PoPToP (サーバ側)や pptp
(クライアント側)のマニュアルに設定例があります。
4. ここまでで2つのブリッジの間に IP トンネルが張れたはずです。暗号化さ
れていることもあるでしょう (PPP のマニュアルを参照)。ブリッジングの
設定を行いましょう。
5. ここでのブリッジは実際にはルータなので、ブリッジ上で以下のコマンド
を走らせる必要があることをお忘れなく(bridge_1 と bridge_2 を、ブリ
ッジ間の PPTP トンネルのそれぞれの終端に割り当てられた IP アドレス
だと仮定):
┌────────────────────────────┐
│ bridge_1$ip route add 192.168.0.2 via bridge_2 │
│ bridge_1$ip route add 192.168.0.4 via bridge_2 │
│ bridge_1$ip route add 192.168.0.6 via bridge_2 │
│ │
│ bridge_1$ip route add 192.168.0.254 via bridge_2 │
│ bridge_1$ip route add 192.168.0.255 via bridge_2 │
│ │
└────────────────────────────┘
もう片側では以下のコマンドを実行します:
┌────────────────────────────┐
│ bridge_2$ip route add 192.168.0.1 via bridge_1 │
│ bridge_2$ip route add 192.168.0.3 via bridge_1 │
│ bridge_2$ip route add 192.168.0.5 via bridge_1 │
│ │
│ bridge_2$ip route add 192.168.0.253 via bridge_1 │
│ │
└────────────────────────────┘
こうして各ブリッジに、どの端末が相手側にいるのかを指定します。昔な
がらの route コマンドでも同じことができます。以下のような感じです:
┌────────────────────────────┐
│ bridge_1$route add -host 192.168.0.2 gw bridge_2 │
│ bridge_1$route add -host 192.168.0.4 gw bridge_2 │
│ bridge_1$route add -host 192.168.0.6 gw bridge_2 │
│ │
│ bridge_1$route add -host 192.168.0.254 gw bridge_2 │
│ bridge_1$route add -host 192.168.0.255 gw bridge_2 │
│ │
└────────────────────────────┘
もう片側では以下のコマンドを実行します:
┌────────────────────────────┐
│ bridge_2$route add -host 192.168.0.1 gw bridge_1 │
│ bridge_2$route add -host 192.168.0.3 gw bridge_1 │
│ bridge_2$route add -host 192.168.0.5 gw bridge_1 │
│ │
│ bridge_2$route add -host 192.168.0.253 gw bridge_1 │
│ │
└────────────────────────────┘
もう一度注意しておきますが、 bridge_1 と bridge_2 は ISP から付与さ
れた IP アドレスではなく、あなたが PPTP トンネルの各終端に割り当て
た IP アドレスです。
6. これでブリッジが2つでき、いずれのブリッジも特定の IP アドレスがある
場所を把握しています。しかし、リモートネットワーク宛てのトラフィッ
クをローカルのブリッジに送信するようコンピュータに指定するにはどう
すればよいでしょう。その場合 tarpd が必要になります。
tarpd は非常にシンプルなデーモンであり、特定の IP アドレス宛ての
ARP リクエストに応答します。各ブリッジ上で tarpd を走らせ、相手側の
端末に割り当てられた IP アドレスのリストを指定するだけでよいです。
例えば、上に示した二つのブリッジの場合、以下を実行します:
┌────────────────────────────┐
│ bridge_1$tarpd eth0 192.168.0.2 255.255.255.255 \ │
│ 192.168.0.4 255.255.255.255 \ │
│ │
│ 192.168.0.254 255.255.255.255 │
│ │
└────────────────────────────┘
もう片側では以下のコマンドを実行します:
┌────────────────────────────┐
│ bridge_2$tarpd eth0 192.168.0.1 255.255.255.255 \ │
│ 192.168.0.3 255.255.255.255 \ │
│ │
│ 192.168.0.253 255.255.255.255 │
│ │
└────────────────────────────┘
各ブリッジにリモート設定を128組行います(IPアドレスとマスクアドレス
。 tarped を混乱させないように、マスクアドレスは 255.255.255.255 に
すべき!)。
7. 通信がブリッジされるのをお楽しみください!
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
1.2. 他のプロトコルはどうでしょう?
実のところ、他のプロトコルのルーティングについては何も言えません。私は
利用したことがないのです。しかし、他のプロトコルに精通していれば、この
文書で示したようにブリッジすることは難しくはないはずだと思います。
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
2. Copyright
Copyright 2002 Alexander Alekseev
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or
any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no
Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A
copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free
Documentation License".
(日本語訳)この文書の複製、配布、修正は、Free Software Foundation により
公開されている、GNU Free Documentation License バージョン 1.1、もしくは
それ以降のバージョンの元で許可されます。ただし、この文書には GFDL で規
定されている「変更不可部分」はありませんし、また表紙テキストや裏表紙テ
キストなどもありません。このライセンスのコピーは、"GNU Free
Documentation License" というタイトルのセクションに収録されています。
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
2.1. GNU Free Documentation License
Version 1.1, March 2000
Copyright (C) 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 59 Temple Place,
Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA Everyone is permitted to copy
and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but
changing it is not allowed.
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
2.2. PREAMBLE
The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
written document "free" in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone the
effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without
modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily, this
License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get credit for
their work, while not being considered responsible for modifications
made by others.
This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative works
of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It
complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft license
designed for free software.
We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free
software, because free software needs free documentation: a free
program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the
software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals; it
can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or
whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License
principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
2.3. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
This License applies to any manual or other work that contains a notice
placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed under the
terms of this License. The "Document", below, refers to any such manual
or work. Any member of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as
"you".
A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the
Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
modifications and/or translated into another language.
A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of
the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall subject
(or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly
within that overall subject. (For example, if the Document is in part a
textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any
mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical
connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal,
commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding
them.
The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles
are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice
that says that the Document is released under this License.
The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed,
as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that
the Document is released under this License.
A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
represented in a format whose specification is available to the general
public, whose contents can be viewed and edited directly and
straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of
pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available
drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or
for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input to
text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file format
whose markup has been designed to thwart or discourage subsequent
modification by readers is not Transparent. A copy that is not
"Transparent" is called "Opaque".
Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain ASCII
without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML or XML
using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple HTML
designed for human modification. Opaque formats include PostScript,
PDF, proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by
proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or
processing tools are not generally available, and the machine-generated
HTML produced by some word processors for output purposes only.
The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself, plus
such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material this
License requires to appear in the title page. For works in formats
which do not have any title page as such, "Title Page" means the text
near the most prominent appearance of the work's title, preceding the
beginning of the body of the text.
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
2.4. VERBATIM COPYING
You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies
to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other
conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use
technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further
copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept
compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough
number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.
You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and
you may publicly display copies.
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
2.5. COPYING IN QUANTITY
If you publish printed copies of the Document numbering more than 100,
and the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must
enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these
Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts
on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify
you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present the
full title with all words of the title equally prominent and visible.
You may add other material on the covers in addition. Copying with
changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve the title of
the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim
copying in other respects.
If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent
pages.
If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering
more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent
copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy
a publicly-accessible computer-network location containing a complete
Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material, which the
general network-using public has access to download anonymously at no
charge using public-standard network protocols. If you use the latter
option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you begin
distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that this
Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated location
until at least one year after the last time you distribute an Opaque
copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that edition to
the public.
It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the
Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give
them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
2.6. MODIFICATIONS
You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under
the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release the
Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified
Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution
and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy of
it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:
A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct
from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions
(which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section
of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version
if the original publisher of that version gives permission.
B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities
responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified
Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of
the Document (all of its principal authors, if it has less than
five).
C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the Modified
Version, as the publisher.
D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications adjacent
to the other copyright notices.
F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice
giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the
terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.
G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant
Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license
notice.
H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
I. Preserve the section entitled "History", and its title, and add to
it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and
publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If
there is no section entitled "History" in the Document, create one
stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as
given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified
Version as stated in the previous sentence.
J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for
public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise
the network locations given in the Document for previous versions
it was based on. These may be placed in the "History" section. You
may omit a network location for a work that was published at least
four years before the Document itself, or if the original publisher
of the version it refers to gives permission.
K. In any section entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications",
preserve the section's title, and preserve in the section all the
substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and/
or dedications given therein.
L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered in
their text and in their titles. Section numbers or the equivalent
are not considered part of the section titles.
M. Delete any section entitled "Endorsements". Such a section may not
be included in the Modified Version.
N. Do not retitle any existing section as "Endorsements" or to
conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material
copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all
of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the
list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice.
These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.
You may add a section entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains
nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text has
been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a
standard.
You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a
passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list
of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of Front-Cover
Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or through
arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already includes
a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or by
arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of, you
may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit
permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.
The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License
give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or
imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
2.7. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
You may combine the Document with other documents released under this
License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified
versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the
Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and
list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its
license notice.
The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but
different contents, make the title of each such section unique by
adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original
author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number.
Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of Invariant
Sections in the license notice of the combined work.
In the combination, you must combine any sections entitled "History" in
the various original documents, forming one section entitled "History";
likewise combine any sections entitled "Acknowledgements", and any
sections entitled "Dedications". You must delete all sections entitled
"Endorsements."
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
2.8. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other
documents released under this License, and replace the individual
copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy that
is included in the collection, provided that you follow the rules of
this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other
respects.
You may extract a single document from such a collection, and
distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a
copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this
License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that
document.
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
2.9. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate
and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or
distribution medium, does not as a whole count as a Modified Version of
the Document, provided no compilation copyright is claimed for the
compilation. Such a compilation is called an "aggregate", and this
License does not apply to the other self-contained works thus compiled
with the Document, on account of their being thus compiled, if they are
not themselves derivative works of the Document.
If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one quarter
of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on
covers that surround only the Document within the aggregate. Otherwise
they must appear on covers around the whole aggregate.
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
2.10. TRANSLATION
Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute
translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. Replacing
Invariant Sections with translations requires special permission from
their copyright holders, but you may include translations of some or
all Invariant Sections in addition to the original versions of these
Invariant Sections. You may include a translation of this License
provided that you also include the original English version of this
License. In case of a disagreement between the translation and the
original English version of this License, the original English version
will prevail.
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
2.11. TERMINATION
You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except
as expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt to
copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will
automatically terminate your rights under this License. However,
parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this
License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties
remain in full compliance.
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
2.12. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the
GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions
will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in
detail to address new problems or concerns. See http://www.gnu.org/
copyleft/.
Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number.
If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this
License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of
following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or
of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the
Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version
number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not
as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
2.13. How to use this License for your documents
To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
the License in the document and put the following copyright and license
notices just after the title page:
Copyright (c) YEAR YOUR NAME. Permission is granted to copy,
distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU
Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or any later version
published by the Free Software Foundation; with the Invariant
Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the Front-Cover Texts being
LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST. A copy of the
license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation
License".
If you have no Invariant Sections, write "with no Invariant Sections"
instead of saying which ones are invariant. If you have no Front-Cover
Texts, write "no Front-Cover Texts" instead of "Front-Cover Texts being
LIST"; likewise for Back-Cover Texts.
If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to
permit their use in free software.
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
3. 日本語訳について
日本語訳は Linux Japanese FAQ Project が行いました。翻訳に関するご意見
は JF プロジェクト 宛に連絡してください。
v1.0j
翻訳:
yomoyomo
校正(50音順):
□ 中野武雄さん
□ 水原文さん
□ 山下義之さん
一覧に戻る
グリーンネット・トップページへ戻る
|
